<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung Eun Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul F. Jacques</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lauren Dougherty</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacob Selhub</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edward Giovannucci</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steven H Zeisel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eunyoung Cho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are dietary choline and betaine intakes determinants of total homocysteine concentration?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betaine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cardiovascular Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choline</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognition Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Folic Acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homocysteine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methionine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitamin B 12</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitamin B 6</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219967</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1303–1310</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND Elevated homocysteine concentrations are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and a decline in cognitive function. Intakes of choline and betaine, as methyl donors, may affect homocysteine concentrations.
OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine whether choline and betaine intakes, assessed from food-frequency questionnaires, are associated with total plasma homocysteine concentrations under both fasting and post-methionine-load conditions in both pre- and post-folic acid fortification periods in the United States.
DESIGN We assessed the association between choline and betaine intakes and fasting and post-methionine-load homocysteine concentrations using the {US} Department of Agriculture revised food-composition tables and evaluated whether the associations varied by folic acid fortification periods in 1325 male and 1407 female participants in the sixth examination (1995-1998) of the Framingham Offspring Study.
RESULTS A higher choline-plus-betaine intake was associated with lower concentrations of post-methionine-load homocysteine; the multivariate geometric means were 24.1 {micromol/L} (95% {CI:} 23.4, 24.9 {micromol/L)} in the top quintile of intake and 25.0 {micromol/L} (95% {CI:} 24.2, 25.7 {micromol/L)} in the bottom quintile {(P} for trend = 0.01). We found an inverse association between choline-plus-betaine intake and fasting homocysteine concentrations; the multivariate geometric mean fasting homocysteine concentrations were 9.6 {micromol/L} (95% {CI:} 9.3, 9.9 {micromol/L)} in the top quintile and 10.1 {micromol/L} (95% {CI:} 9.8, 10.4 {micromol/L)} in the bottom quintile {(P} for trend &amp;lt; 0.001). When we stratified by plasma folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations, the inverse association was limited to participants with low plasma folate or vitamin B-12 concentrations. In the postfortification period, the inverse association between choline-plus-betaine intake and either fasting or post-methionine-load homocysteine was no longer present.
CONCLUSIONS Choline and betaine intakes were associated with both fasting and post-methionine-load total homocysteine concentrations, especially in participants with low folate and vitamin B-12 status. The inverse association between choline and betaine intakes and homocysteine concentrations was no longer present in the postfortification period.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">{PMID:} 20219967</style></notes></record></records></xml>